In religious studies on this subject from different positions written quite a large number of works. A significant role in explaining this process belongs to the German philosopher F. Engels, who devoted a number of works to this problem: “Bruno Bauer and original Christianity”, “the Book of revelation”, “To the history of original Christianity”. The General conclusion of these works is reduced to the idea that at the time of the first Christian community in Palestine, the public consciousness of the peoples of the Roman Empire was prepared for the perception of this creed. F. Engels recorded both social and cultural prerequisites for the perception of Christianity. According to him, “Christianity was preceded by a complete collapse of the world order. Christianity was an expression of the collapse” (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch. Vol. 7. P. 21).

By the middle of the first century, the time had come when the Romans ‘ confidence that their world was the best possible world was in the past, replaced by a sense of imminent catastrophe, the collapse of centuries-old foundations, the near end of the world. In the social grassroots, discontent with the rulers increases, which periodically takes the form of riots, uprisings. These riots, uprisings are brutally suppressed. Moods of discontent do not disappear, but seek other forms of satisfaction.

Christianity in the Roman Empire was initially perceived by most people as a clear and understandable form of social protest. It awakened faith in the defender, able to curb the powerful, to affirm the idea of universal equality, the salvation of all people, regardless of their ethnic, political and social affiliation. The first Christians believed in the near end of the existing world order and the establishment of the “Kingdom of Heaven”, thanks to the direct intervention of God, in which justice will be restored, righteousness will triumph over unrighteousness, the poor over the rich.

Denouncing the depravity of the world, its sinfulness, the promise of salvation, and the establishment of a Kingdom of peace and justice-these are the social ideas that have attracted on the side of Christians hundreds of thousands, and later millions of followers. They gave hope of consolation to all who suffered. It was to these people, as appears from the sermon on the mount of Jesus and the Revelation of John the Evangelist, that the Kingdom of God was first promised. Those who are first here will be last there, and those who are last here will be first there. Evil will be punished and virtue rewarded, the Last judgment will be done and all will be rewarded according to their deeds.